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Radiant & HydronicsThe Glitch & The Fix

A primary concern in a multiboiler system

December 2015, The Glitch and The Fix

By John Siegenthaler, P.E.
The Glitch and The Fix, December 2015 -- Glitch drawing

Glitch drawing: A crossover pipe is installed in case the flow rate in the primary circuit is different from the flow through the sectional cast-iron boilers. Graphics credit: John Siegenthaler

The Glitch and The Fix, December 2015 -- Fix drawing

Fix drawing: The solution shown does not require primary / secondary piping or closely spaced tees. It provides the same supply water temperature to each circuit. This eliminates the temperature drop from one secondary circuit to the next when a series primary loop is used. Graphics credit: John Siegenthaler

The Glitch and The Fix, December 2015 -- Glitch drawing
The Glitch and The Fix, December 2015 -- Fix drawing
December 7, 2015

The Glitch

A multiple boiler system using sectional cast-iron boilers has been configured to supply two loads as shown in the Glitch drawing above. A crossover pipe is installed in case the flow rate in the primary circuit is different from the flow through the boilers.

There are several piping errors in this proposed design. Can you spot at least five of them?

The Fix

The solution shown does not require primary / secondary piping or closely spaced tees. It provides the same supply water temperature to each circuit. This eliminates the temperature drop from one secondary circuit to the next when a series primary loop is used. This arrangement also provides hydraulic separation of the load circulators based on a very low head loss through the hydraulic separator and short / fat headers.

The hydraulic separator also provides air and dirt separation for the system, and thus eliminates the need for the air separator in the Glitch drawing.

Here’s a summary of the other corrections:

1. Every boiler in a multiple boiler system should have its own circulator that only operates when that boiler is operating. The original schematic allows flow through all boilers, regardless of which are firing. This results in needless heat loss as heated water is circulated through unfired boilers.

2. The unions and isolating ball valves that were installed with the intention of allowing each boiler to be isolated from the system and removed if necessary, are not installed so that this is possible. It’s a seemingly small detail, but one you should always check.

3. Always install the supply sensor for the boiler controller on the distribution system side of the hydraulic separation point. This is necessary because of mixing that could occur at the hydraulic separation point due to differences in the load flow rate vs. the boiler flow rate. Installing the temperature sensor downstream of this mixing point ensures that the final mixed supply water temperature will be detected by the boiler controller. That’s the temperature that the boiler control should be based on.

4. Every load circuit, whether it’s a secondary circuit as shown in the Glitch drawing or a parallel circuit as shown in the Fix drawing above, should be equipped with a purging valve to allow efficient filling and flushing.

5. When using primary secondary circuits (as was the intent in the Glitch drawing), the secondary circulators should always pump into their respective circuits. This allows the primary loop to serve as the pressure reference point, so that the pressure within the secondary circuit increases when the circulator is on.

6. In the Glitch drawing, the boiler circulator is pumping toward the point where the expansion tank connects to the system. There will be very little head loss through the sectional cast-iron boilers between this circulator and the expansion tank connection point. This will cause a drop in pressure upstream of the boiler circulator when it operates. Air could be sucked into the system through vents if the pressure at their location within the system goes subatmospheric.

Download a pdf of the December 2015 The Glitch & The Fix.

KEYWORDS: hydronic controls hydronic piping hydronic system design incorrect design

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Siegenthaler

John Siegenthaler, P.E., is a consulting engineer and principal of Appropriate Designs in Holland Patent, New York. In partnership with HeatSpring, he has developed several online courses that provide in-depth, design-level training in modern hydronics systems, air-to-water heat pumps and biomass boiler systems. Additional information and resources for hydronic system design are available on Siegenthaler’s website,  www.hydronicpros.com.

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Glitch drawing: A crossover pipe is installed in case the flow rate in the primary circuit is different from the flow through the sectional cast-iron boilers. Graphics credit: John Siegenthaler
Fix drawing: The solution shown does not require primary / secondary piping or closely spaced tees. It provides the same supply water temperature to each circuit. This eliminates the temperature drop from one secondary circuit to the next when a series primary loop is used. Graphics credit: John Siegenthaler

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  • ENGINEERS
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    • PME COLUMNS
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      • David Dexter: Plumbing Talking Points
      • James Dipping: Engineer Viewpoints
      • John Seigenthaler: Renewable Heating Design
      • Lowell Manalo: Plumbing Essentials
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