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Radiant & HydronicsThe Glitch & The Fix

Controlling boilers in a hydronic system

By John Siegenthaler, P.E.
November 2013 Glitch drawing

November 2013 Glitch drawing: The hydronic system shown above was created to connect three gas-fired, cast-iron boilers to a low-temperature distribution system that supplies 12,000 ft. of 3/4 in. PEX tubing embedded in the floor slab. The installer spends several frustrating hours attempting to get the air out of the system. He finally gets it purged to the point that the distribution circulator is at least moving some water through the floor-heating circuits.

November 2013 Fix drawing

The November 2013 Fix drawing above shows the boiler control supply sensor relocated to the hot injection riser. This allows the controller to sense and respond to the actual need for hot water injection into the distribution system.

November 2013 Glitch drawing
November 2013 Fix drawing
November 26, 2013

The Glitch

The hydronic system shown above was created to connect three gas-fired, cast-iron boilers to a low-temperature distribution system that supplies 12,000 ft. of 3/4 in. PEX tubing embedded in the floor slab. A boiler staging controller is used to fire each boiler as needed. The circulator on each boiler is controlled by a standard temperature limit controller. Water temperature to the radiant floor circuits is regulated by a variable-speed injection pump.

The installer spends several frustrating hours attempting to get the air out of the system. He finally gets it purged to the point that the distribution circulator is at least moving some water through the floor-heating circuits.

Once the system is fired up, he notices times when all the boilers are off but the injection pump is operating at full speed. Because of this, there is no heat transfer to the radiant floor manifold and the supply temperature to the floor circuits is noticeably low. After about an hour one boiler finally fires, but it only stays on for a few minutes and then the above situation repeats.

So, what’s going on? Can you spot several errors in the schematic that are causing the above described problem or perhaps some other problems? If so, how would you propose correcting these errors?

The Fixes

Little details often make big differences. The fact that the boilers stay off for quite a while even though the injection pump is at full speed is caused by the placement of the boiler controller’s supply temperature sensor. It is incorrectly located upstream of the hydraulic separation point, such as the closely spaced tees.

When the temperature at this location reaches the setting of the boiler staging controller, all boilers are turned off. The boiler circulators, wired through the boiler high-limit controller, also are off. Thus, boiler header piping is full of hot water but without any circulation. The temperature sensor sits cozily inside its insulated sleeve and “tells” the staging controller that the supply water temperature is right where it should be. Thus, there’s no need to fire the boiler.

Meanwhile, the injection pump is running flat out trying to get some hot water down into the lower-temperature piping and out to the floor. The water it pushes up into the boiler header just make a U-turn and goes back down the “hot” injection riser.

When the boiler supply temperature sensor finally cools off several degrees (which could take an hour or more), the staging controller does just what it should do, it fires one, two or even three boilers. If the system is under partial load conditions, the water temperature steadily climbs in the boiler header piping and the situation soon repeats itself.

The Fix drawing above shows the boiler control supply sensor relocated to the hot injection riser. This allows the controller to sense and respond to the actual need for hot water injection into the distribution system.

Other details that have been changed include:

1. A properly sized expansion tank. A 5 gal. tank is fine for a residential hydronic system but it is much too small for such a large radiant floor distribution system. The expansion tank must be sized for the total volume and temperature excursions of the system. The makeup water system and expansion tank also have been moved to the boiler return header, where they are close to the inlet side of the boiler circulators.

2. There’s a reason that hydraulic separators come with four primary piping ports and it’s not so that two of them can be plugged to “neuter” a multifunction hydraulic separator into a simple air separator. You might say this would never happen. I have installation photos that prove otherwise.

Pipe the hydraulic separator as shown in the Fix drawing, allowing it to provide proper hydraulic separation between the boiler circulators and the variable-speed injection pump, as well as high-performance air and dirt separation.

3. Purge valves have been added to the boiler header piping and the low-temperature distribution circuit. The latter is critically important because it’s very difficult to purge across any type of hydraulic separation point in the system (such as the hydraulic separation created by the pair of closely spaced tees). The purge valve in the boiler header, while not critical, will expedite system purging.

4. The schematic shows at least 12 pipe diameters (e.g., 12D) of straight piping on the inlet side of all circulators and check valves. Less turbulence = quieter operation.

5. The mixed-supply temperature sensor for the injection mixing controller has been moved from near the lower set of closely spaced tees to downstream of the distribution circulator. This assures that sensor “feels” the true blended supply water temperature to the manifold and allows stable injection mixing.

6. Some of you might be thinking that the injection pump should be moved from the “cool” injection riser to the hot injection riser. While this is possible, it is not necessary. The injection pump will function fine as shown. It will run cooler on the return riser, which may even extend its life.

Download a pdf of the November 2013 The Glitch and The Fix.

KEYWORDS: hydronic system design incorrect design

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Siegenthaler

John Siegenthaler, P.E., is a consulting engineer and principal of Appropriate Designs in Holland Patent, New York. In partnership with HeatSpring, he has developed several online courses that provide in-depth, design-level training in modern hydronics systems, air-to-water heat pumps and biomass boiler systems. Additional information and resources for hydronic system design are available on Siegenthaler’s website,  www.hydronicpros.com.

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November 2013 Glitch drawing: The hydronic system shown above was created to connect three gas-fired, cast-iron boilers to a low-temperature distribution system that supplies 12,000 ft. of 3/4 in. PEX tubing embedded in the floor slab. The installer spends several frustrating hours attempting to get the air out of the system. He finally gets it purged to the point that the distribution circulator is at least moving some water through the floor-heating circuits.
The November 2013 Fix drawing above shows the boiler control supply sensor relocated to the hot injection riser. This allows the controller to sense and respond to the actual need for hot water injection into the distribution system.

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  • ENGINEERS
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    • GEOTHERMAL | SOLAR THERMAL
    • PIPING | PLUMBING | PVF
    • PME COLUMNS
      • Christoph Lohr: Strategic Plumbing Insights
      • David Dexter: Plumbing Talking Points
      • James Dipping: Engineer Viewpoints
      • John Seigenthaler: Renewable Heating Design
      • Lowell Manalo: Plumbing Essentials
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