Figure 1 shows a hydronic system that’s intended to supply four panel radiators, each with their own thermostatic radiator valve and an indirect water heater from a gas-fired sectional cast-iron boiler. The system is designed using primary/secondary piping. The primary circulator operates whenever the space heating load or the indirect water heater call for heat.
If emergency tariffs are ultimately invalidated and refunds issued, the headline may suggest broad financial relief. However, plumbing contractors and specifying engineers should temper expectations.
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