The three high-rise condo buildings with a total of 226 individual homes have all the high-end trimmings one would expect when investing $300,000 to $1.5 million in a condominium.

Yet, some residents couldn't get more than a trickle of water in their homes. To make problems worse, cooling towers were also water-starved - not something you can easily ignore where temperatures are known to reach 125 degrees!

As it turned out, the backflow preventers installed in all three high-rises were out-of-date and no longer passed certification tests. The water supply was not sufficient for each of the buildings' upper floors, cooling system demands, and fire water systems - the tangled snarl of mismatched and aging backflows, pressure-reducing and irrigation valves, strainers, shutoffs and accessories combined to siphon away water pressure at each building.

This was especially bad news for the condo managers, knowing that it was likely to lead to more "no-water" downtime, calls and visits from frustrated condo owners, expensive repairs and another round of incomplete problem-solving.

In some cases, a few irate occupants had already sold their interests and moved. Fortunately, David Sullins, chief engineer for Desert Island, had heard about my firm; we are a backflow and inspection firm based in Newhall, Calif., that specializes in just such highly technical, challenging work. Though I started as a plumber in 1964, backflow solutions have been my sole focus for 30 years.

For me, figuring out how to solve the problems at Desert Island was a personal victory - but for more than just this one installation. I also knew that thousands of other buildings were plagued by similar problems.

Stuck In Time

I recall a recent legal case in Southern California where this idea reached its illogical extreme. While working in a medical facility, a plumbing contractor had turned off the water main for a short period. He was unaware that nurses had partially closed the supply valve to a vacuum breaker, starving flow to the device. The unit leaked, undetected, for days. It flooded three floors of the building, effectively closing six doctors' offices for six months. The multimillion-dollar lawsuit put the plumber out of business.

It's simply assumed that downtime, with expense that can be measured in dollars and frustration, is necessary. And part of this stems from an acceptance that professionals in the field must build valve stations on site, or replace parts while water service to the building is shut off.

But shutting down water service is not necessary, and performing the entire job in the field isn't either. Our solution for Desert Island was to provide the first commercial installation of pre-engineered, preassembled and pre-certified valve stations. The stations allow uninterrupted full flow rate of both domestic and irrigation systems when any one piece of equipment is off-line.

Key Problem

Previously, property managers tried to compensate for the huge draw off of water for irrigation, a problem made worse because the irrigation connections were initially set on the "downstream" side. Sullins recalled that there was enough pressure at the water meter to do what was needed, but because of the huge demand for irrigation, upper floor condos were starved for water.

There was no way to increase both volume and pressure. Pressure coming in at 110 psi, by code, had to be regulated down to 80 psi when coming in to the buildings' first floors. Older, DA regulators simply made problems worse because, by nature, they create more fall off. We knew then that we had to increase volume by using ACVs and eliminating all of the DAs.

Another challenge was that system components were placed in various locations throughout the development. Testing and maintenance were unnecessarily difficult because of the distance between components.

Finally there was one more difficulty - the sheer number of pieces and parts. The systems at Desert Island included many shut-off valves, swing checks, pipe loops, and fittings that were not required for proper operation; in fact, they impeded water flow and complicated the job for many professionals, including plumbers; fire protection, building inspector, irrigation and backflow specialists.

Nothing made sense; there was no unity to the systems and, God forbid, if two or more people would have to work at the same valve station at the same time, or during the day when water was in high demand.

Solutions

Together, we began to visualize many ways to simplify valve stations, provide redundancy to eliminate downtime and to greatly shorten installation time.

After a thorough inspection of all existing valve stations, and careful consideration of all needs within the condominium development, we worked closely with Sullins, who knew the requirements at Desert Island best of all. With Sullins' help, the specifications were set.

Each system was built by Watts exactly to specification and achieves uninterrupted flow for testing and maintenance by use of primary and secondary valve lines. The stations may include backflow preventers, pressure regulators, actuated automatic control valves (ACVs), meters, headers, single checks and shutoff valves. They permit high flow rates with low-pressure drop.

Valve stations were ordered for each building and a two-week advance notice was posted by management for residents that foretold of a daylong, no-water situation.

As the equipment was manufactured, each valve station was certified to meet the performance requirements in a fully assembled state and included all maintenance shut-offs, valves and piping.

Swat Team

At 8 a.m., with all three valve stations awaiting removal from the back of a truck, water service for each building was shutoff and drained. Additional water sources were set up for the cooling systems. Removal of old piping, additional rework of other systems, installation of the valve stations - complete with ACVs, backflow preventers, piping and shutoffs - system refill, pressure set, tuning and final testing were all accomplished by 4 p.m.

Immediately, top floor pressures improved dramatically with no pressure draw-down during high flow periods. Prior to our work there, each building had 35 gpm at 20 psi. Immediately after the new valve stations were activated, the systems saw 55 gpm at 50 psi.

Each of the three Desert Island condo buildings were fitted with easily accessible valve stations that serve all domestic, cooling and irrigation needs. The existing installation was measured and the new valve stations were made to fit the existing piping exactly. Two-inch valves were provided to handle flow during 90 percent of the duty cycle from 0-150 gpm. A larger valve was installed to handle high demand for cooling and irrigation when flow rates would call for volumes of up to 300 gpm.

Redundancy

If a customer has one 4-inch assembly, and the required flow is 300 gpm at a continuous pressure of 80 psi, it's likely that, if a direct-acting regulator is used, there'll be a drop off in line pressure. With ACVs and regulators, the pre-engineered station will not see pressure fall off. And, due to the nature of the diaphragm-actuated pressure control valve, the stations don't need a low-flow bypass.

When a DA valve does produce too much fall off -- and we had plenty of these to contend with -- a smaller-diaphragm ACV can be used to significantly increase the system performance. By sizing the ACVs so that one provides good low-flow characteristics, and the other provides good high-flow, a steady supply of water for all needs can be provided even during testing and maintenance. And, by combining backflow prevention and pressure-reducing functions for domestic and irrigation lines, we minimize overall footprint, the number of components and installation time.

The valve stations come with the capability for built-in expansion. If, for instance, a building's small line does not provide an acceptable flow rate, a larger-diameter assembly is simply installed.

Downstream of the backflow preventer, near the risers, overlay caps permit easy use of an additional source of water if the water supply line is out. This is especially useful should the water main break.

Spacers are provided at butterfly valves. If the measurement for connections is off by 1/4-inch or so, spacers will compensate for correct sizing because there are no threaded connections - corrections happen at the butterfly valves.

Victaulic couplings are used as a flex alignment. Because most pre-installation sites are rigid, these couplings allow installers to adjust the station's flange connections for a perfect fit.

All components are designed to match or complement one another. For instance, a strainer will likely have a higher flow capacity than a backflow preventer, which may have different flow characteristics than the control valve if all are sized the same. Stations are engineered to permit all components to work together optimally.

If fire or irrigation taps or other devices are needed, the station is designed so that the water customer is never out of service. If a buyer challenges the cost of two backflow preventers, consider the cost of shutting down the building. Ask: What's the cost of downtime? What could leak? How high have you set your liability protection? Will the building owner sign a waiver, releasing you from any responsibility should a leak develop?

In our case, technology and applied thinking came to the rescue.