As a result, we've agreed to let someone else (perhaps someone "smarter?") do the controls work. That's a mistake. Here are some reasons we shouldn't let someone else do the controls work:

A couple of years ago, I polled some plumbers who do hydronic heating and asked for the name of an electrician who does a pretty good job on controls. I called the electrician and asked to "buy" an hour of his time to answer any questions I asked. He was a little put off at first - suspicious about what I was really up to. But he got over it pretty fast when I offered to pay him his hourly rate to sit in his office and talk. What came out of the question and answer session is this:

Here's the bottom line: Electricians have no more training about controls and controls wiring than plumbers do!

Confused & Confusing

I've given lots of thought to that problem, and I'm sure this is what's going on. There's a "tradition" of how an electricity book should be laid out. It starts with electron theory. You don't need to even think about electrons when you use an electric appliance or tool. So why would you need to think about them to wire a circuit? Besides, they're invisible. Thinking about what the electrons are doing is about as useful as needing to think about air molecules in order to breathe.

Then electricity books move on to Ohm's Law. That means formulas, math and fractions. That's when most of us check out. It's too bad that a lot of us don't think, "Hey, I think this might be pretty much useless information."

It gets worse. If we get through Ohm's Law by the skin of our teeth, low and behold, Kirchoff's Law is next. More formulas, more math and more fractions. But this is much worse because Kirchoff's law is about putting loads in series.

Loads in series? As it turns out, one thing we most want to avoid in wiring controls circuits is putting loads in series. So we slog through pages of math and hours of boring classes to learn how to do math about something we should avoid doing on the job. This is totally nuts!

Maybe, just maybe, we get past Kirchoff. Then, we get to something real - motors. While it's nice to know what's going on inside a motor, again, it's not what we really need to know. Being able to describe what goes on inside a motor doesn't help wire one in a control circuit.

Above all this confusion rests the "water analogy." Its says electricity is just like water. Water flows; electricity flows. Water has a current; electricity has a current. Water can be pumped; electricity, in a sense, can be pumped.

I had a major problem with this. While many electricity books smoothly move on to open circuits and closed circuits, I knew they were lying to me about something. With water, the water is "on" or "off" depending on whether the valve is open or closed. On = open and off = closed. Everyone just knows how this works. Whatever substance we're talking about, stuff flows when the valve is open.

With little in the way of transition, however, many texts move on to electricity. Suddenly, "opened" means the light is off, and "closed" means the light is on. More has changed here than that the stuff is now electricity. And they're telling me this is just like water? It's not just like water - it's the exact opposite.

Amazingly, every electricity guy I talked to professed that the water analogy is true, shaking their heads a bit that an otherwise smart person couldn't understand this simple concept.

But I finally got it. Know what you know, they say. And I'm in a position now to know that the water analogy is valid only up to a point. That point is where the flow is controlled. Water is controlled by valves. Electricity is controlled by switches. They don't work the same.

A switch works like a drawbridge, not like a valve. Electricity runs on wires, not through wires (even though we have the very misleading terminology of electricity going through wires). So when the switch (drawbridge) is open, there is no path, and the electricity cannot flow. When the switch is closed, stuff flows.

Once we get this straight, it's easy to understand a lot of other "mysterious" things about electricity. In upcoming columns I'll talk about why we put switches, but rarely loads, in series. I'll talk about the fact that a thermostat is just a switch. I'll talk about polarity, and why there is polarity on the primary side of a transformer, but not on the secondary. I'll talk about what voltage drop is, and how to use it to troubleshoot.

The theme will always be the same - electricity and controls can be very simple. In our industry, they're like water and air - they should belong to all of us. Claim them as yours.